From the abstract to "Has Surface Water Quality Improved Since the Clean Water Act?" by V. Kerry Smith and Carlos Valcarcel Wolloh, NBER Working Paper No. 18192, June 2012:
On the fortieth anniversary of the Clean Water Act this paper reports the first quantitative assessment of the aggregate trends in water quality in the U.S. using a single standard over the years 1975 to 2011. The analysis suggests that fresh water lakes for the nation as a whole are about at the same quality levels as they were in 1975. In short, viewed in the aggregate, nothing has changed.
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